WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 3/15;
Conflict Prevention: 1/15;
Disarmament: 0/15;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/15;
Participation: 1/15;
Peace Processes: 1/15;
Peacekeeping: 1/15;
Protection: 3/15;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 1/15;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 3/15;
Implementation: 1/15;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 0/15;
Human Rights: 0/15.

S/PV.6948: "As I stated previously, we believe issues of sexual violence must be considered in the Security Council only in the context of the agenda item on women and peace and security, and in connection with the subject of the maintenance of peace and security."

**Note: Data is provided for 2010. No WPS commitments have been made in 2013.

In its statement at the October 2010 Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security, the Russian Federation did not announce any specific Women, Peace and Security commitments.

S/PV.6411: "The theme of women and peace and security should not be reduced to individual manifestations alone. Just such a balanced approach formed the basis for resolution 1325 (2000)."

S/PV.6411: "Our partners in the Council and the relevant agencies and mechanisms of the United Nations system should give greater attention to how to involve women in implementation by enhancing gender equality when establishing peacekeeping contingents and in other relevant issues in mission mandates."

Profit from Arms Transfer in 2012: $8,480,000,000

_______________________________________

UN Women Government Total Contribution: $0

HDI (Human Development Index):The Russian Federation was ranked 57th.

The Russian Federation is included in the "High Human Development" category.

Women from the Russian Federation are on duty in the following peacekeeping missions: 

MINURSO (0),

MINUSTAH (1),

MONUSCO (0),

UNISFA (0),

UNMIL (0),

UNMISS (0),

UNOCI (0),

UNTSO (0).

The representatives of the Russian Federation made no statements at the meetings of the Security Council (or at any other official international meetings) on its position on the sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers.

All NGOs: 405 720.
Socially-oriented NGOs: 113 000.
In early March 2013 the Russian government launched a nationwide campaign of intrusive inspections of hundreds of NGOs to identify advocacy groups the government deems “foreign agents” and force them to register as such. As a result, by February 2015 at least 13 groups chose to shut down rather than wear the shameful “foreign agent” label.

Key women's organisation's (ANNA) efforts in regard to gender issues include the following:
- Number of conferences: Unknown;
- Number of publications: 5+.

Types of social support provided:
Education: Yes
Anti-violence: Yes
Women's empowerment: Yes
Gender-related training: No
Political participation: No
Anti-human trafficking: No
Women's health: Yes
Lobbying and policymaking: Yes
Fundraising: No

The Russian Federation has hosted the following high-level events in 2013:
- One-week workshop on Gender Responsive Budgeting for civil servants from the Commonwealth of Independent States;
- Seminar on Gender-Responsive Budgeting for civil servants and GRB trainers;
- Exploring Diversity to Reach Understanding across Cultures;
- International Conference "Are Women Changing the World?".

**Note: The information about the high-level events has been collected using available media sources.

There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in the Russian Federation.

Military Expenditure in 2012: $81,469,000,000

_____

There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.

Lower: 13.6%;

Upper: 8.0%.

Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.19

No gender differentiation in statistics provided by the State.

As per Federal Law # 342-F3 (of 11/30/2011), the data on the number of police officers is not to be disclosed.

**Note: Data is available for 2011. As per Federal Law # 342-F3 (of 11/30/2011), the data on the number of police officers is not to be disclosed.

Total Professional Judges:

Female: 62.2%;

Male: 37.80%.

Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.87.

Unemployment rate (percentage of female/male labour force):
Information is currently not available.

Estimated earned income (PPP US$):
Female: 18,297;
Male: 29,676;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.62.

Legislators, senior officials, and managers (%):
Female: 39, Male: 61;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.63.

Professional and technical workers (%):
Female: 64, Male: 36;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.81.

The enrolment difference between males and females is provided below (The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends are considered a reflection of improving coverage at the specified level of education):

Literacy rate (%):
Female: 100;
Male: 100;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.

Enrolment in primary education (%):
Female: 93;
Male: 93;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.

Enrolment in secondary education (%):
Female: 98.07;
Male: 99.54.

Enrolment in tertiary education (%):
Female: 87;
Male: 65;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.35.

While gender perspecives within the legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.

Gender is mainstreamed into legal framework in accordance with international law.

In 2005, the Parliament Assembly of the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States adopted the Model Law “On State Guarantees of Equality of Rights and Opportunities for Men and Women.”

Although there are some law provisions prohibiting discrimination, they usually do not regulate gender discrimination separately.

General Victim and Witness Protection Law (enacted in 2004 and amended most recently in 2013).

The Russian Federation has no law guaranteeing equal opportunities for men and women in employment or education.

The Russian Federation has not enacted a comprehensive gender equality law, and “neither the Constitution [...] nor other appropriate legislation, contains a definition of discrimination or expressly prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex.

The Russian Federation has no comprehensive law, programmeor action plan to address domestic violence, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs has not updated its domestic violence information since 2008.

No provision in the Russian Criminal Code specifically addresses honour killings.

Russian law prohibits rape and sexual assault and contains no exceptions for rapes committed by spouses or relatives.

Currently domestic violence is not recognised as a separate offence by the Russian Criminal Code. The only applicable criminal provisions are those relating to bodily injuries or other crimes.

Gender perspectives in the Constitution:
Article 19:
- "All people are equal before the law and in the court of law";
- "The state guarantees the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other circumstance. Any restrictions of the rights of citizens on social, racial, national, linguistic or religious grounds are forbidden";
- "Man and woman have equal rights and liberties and equal opportunities for their pursuit".

Article 19 of the Russian Constitution guarantees equality between women and men. However, the Russian Federation has not enacted a comprehensive gender equality law, and “neither the Constitution . . . nor other appropriate legislation, contains a definition of discrimination or expressly prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex.”

Article 20:
Requires the state to prosecute cases of private-public prosecution even if a victim withdraws her complaint, although prosecutors generally refuse to pursue an investigation or open a criminal case against the accused if the victim quickly recants.

Article 21:
- "No one may be subjected to torture, violence or any other harsh or humiliating treatment or punishment. No one may be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without his or her free consent".

Article 24:
- "It is forbidden to gather, store, use and disseminate information on the private life of any person without his/her consent".
- "The bodies of state authority and the bodies of local self-government and the officials thereof provide to each citizen access to any documents and materials directly affecting his/her rights and liberties unless otherwise stipulated under the law".

Article 34:
- "Everyone has the right to freely use his or her abilities and property 622 for entrepreneurial or any other economic activity not prohibited by the law".

Article 35:
- "Everyone has the right to have property in his or her ownership, to possess, use and manage it either individually or jointly with other persons".
- "No one may be arbitrarily deprived of his or her property unless on the basis of decision by a court of law. Property can be forcibly alienated for state needs only on condition of a preliminary and equal compensation".

Article 37:
- "Work is free. Everyone has the right to make free use of his or her abilities for work and to choose a type of activity and occupation".

Article 42:
- "Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for the damage caused to his or her health or property by ecological violations".

Article 45:
- "State protection for human rights and liberties in the Russian Federation is guaranteed".
- "Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and liberties by any means not prohibited by the law".

Article 46:
- "Everyone is guaranteed protection of his or her rights and liberties in a court of law".

Article 47:
- "No one may be denied the right to having his or her case reviewed by the court and the judge under whose jurisdiction the given case falls under the law".
- "Anyone charged with a crime has the right to have his or her case reviewed by a court of law with the participation of jurors in cases stipulated by the federal law".

Article 51:
- "No one is obliged to give evidence against himself or herself, for his or her spouse and close relatives, the range of which are established by the federal law".

Article 62:
- "Possession of the citizenship of a foreign state by the citizen of the Russian Federation does not belittle his or her ranks and liberties or exempt him or her from the duties stemming from Russian citizenship unless otherwise stipulated by the federal law or international treaty of the Russian Federation".

Criminal Code:

Article 127.1:
Punishes the purchase and sale or recruitment, transportation, transfer, or receipt of any person for the purpose of exploitation.

Article 127.2:
Specifically prohibits “Slave Labour."

Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Criminalizes rape, with harsher sentences for cases involving a juvenile victim, multiple rapists or the victim’s death.

Article 132:
Punishes other forms of sexual assault under the title “Violent Actions of Sexual Character."

While legal frameworks exist, they are not always fully effective and discrimination (i.e.: gender, racial, and economic discrimination) can cause some groups to have disproportionate challenges equally accessing justice and utilising their rights.

In the Russian Federation, since 2004, due to amendments to the Criminal Code, women prisoners no longer serve sentences in high-security regimes.

In the Russian Federation, federal legislation allows for mothers of children under the age of 14 and pregnant women who have been convicted of less serious offences to have their sentences deferred, shortened or revoked. Female prisoners who are pregnant or who have young children and who are imprisoned for less serious offences may have their sentences deferred until their children have reached the age of 14.

In two mother and baby units out of the 13 which exist in the Russian Federation, convicted women prisoners live in joint accommodation with their babies and may do so until the baby reaches the age of three (with some flexibility if the mother is due for release within a year). After this the child goes into the care of family members or the appropriate welfare authorities. However, upon release women who wish to be reunited with their children face barriers as they are required to prove that they can provide financial support and accommodation.

In the Russian Federation, the right to free legal aid is reinforced by the Constitution, but it is a well-known fact that the service is not as widely available as it ought to be.

In 2012, the working group of the Russian Ministry of Labour and Social Protection’s Coordination Council for Gender Issues developed a draft federal law ‘On the prevention of family-domestic violence’. The working group was composed of lawyers who practice in the sphere of women’s rights defense and representatives of women’s NGOs, including the authors of this report. The draft law itself was praised by Russian civil society represented in the bodies of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and the Presidential Council for Civil Society and Human Rights. Still, to this day, this draught law has not been passed – more than two years have elapsed since an overwhelming agreement on its provisions was established in the ministries and departments of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and was placed on Tier 2 Watch List for the last nine consecutive years. In the 2011 and 2012 TIP Reports, the Russian Federation was granted consecutive waivers from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 on the basis of a written plan to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) authorises a maximum of two consecutive waivers; a waiver is no longer available to the Russian Federation, which is therefore deemed not to be making significant efforts to comply with the minimum standards and is placed on Tier 3.

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

A systemic approach to protecting against sexual violence does not exist at the government level.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affaires women were 74% among of all victims of domestic violence in 2013, and in 91% of cases violence was committed by a husband.

Women in the Russian Federation experience domestic violence at an exceptionally high rate. Violence is considered “routine” in Russian families where patriarchal norms persist.

Number of women's shelters: 43.

While veterans services for women veterans exist, the quality of service, outreach to engage female veterans in service access and utalisation, and the availability of gender-sensitive services at all locations are not fully effective.

Federal Law "On Veterans" (1995) states veterans are provided with the following social support:
- Pensions, allowances in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- Monthly payments;
- Provision of accommodation;
- Compensation for payment of premises and utilities costs;
- Health care and orthopedic care.

The Federal Law "On Veterans" is not gender sensitive, although it provides regulations on services and other rights awarded to military veterans, which would include women since the serve in the military alongside men in many areas.

All-Russian public organisation of veterans (pensioners) of war, labour, armed forces and law enforcement agencies:
- Protection of civil, social, economic, labour veterans and personal rights;
- Improving the material conditions, medical and consumer veterans services;
- Legal assistance to veterans and their families;
- Patriotic education of youth;
- Military-historical work.

To receive a pension and other state services as a "Veteran of labour", a person must have been a minor during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and have at least 40 years (for men) and 35 years (for women) of work experience.

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

Services are technically in place, but are drastically inadequate to meet national demands.

1 national 24 hour free women’s helpline;

43 shelters with beds for approximately 400 women (representing just 3% of the total number of shelter spaces for women victims of violence recommended by the Council of Europe (COE) for the Russian Federation);

1 centre provides services specifically to women survivors of sexual violence.

National Registry (Genome):
With regard to crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, in which genomic registration will be carried out regardless of their severity, the special place these crimes aside due to the fact that the efficiency of the utilisation of genetic surveys for their disclosure is greatest. It was proved that "the formation of the genetic characteristics database advisable to start, especially in cases of sexual offenses, in the presence of the material and technical conditions for extending its scope and covering other serious crimes against the person". This makes it possible in some cases to use a genetic database and when none of the genotypes in the database are to be forensic matches registration data entities received.

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of sexual violence exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

Most financial support for anti-trafficking efforts are provided from international entities, and the vast majority or anti-human trafficking efforts are conducted by national NGOs (namely the Angel Coalition - who's website is currently unavailable). While anti-human trafficking services and resources do exist, they are inadequate to fully meet the needs of victims of human trafficking.

The Russian government demonstrated minimal progress in efforts to protect and assist trafficking victims during the reporting period; a majority of foreign labour trafficking victims remained outside of the scope of victim protection. The government did not develop or employ a formal system to guide officials in proactive identification of trafficking victims or referral of victims to available services, and there continued to be no available official statistics on the number of trafficking victims identified or assisted by the government or NGOs. The government did not publicly report any funding or programmes for specific assistance to trafficking victims, and the government did not verify how many trafficking victims benefitted from funding or programmes intended for other general purposes, such as witness protection, child protection, or government crisis centres, which were unlikely to accept victims who were not registered in the district in which the centre is located. Foreign trafficking victims, the largest group of victims in the Russian Federation, were not entitled to access state-provided rehabilitative services.

Many municipal trafficking shelters are actually domestic violence shelters and therefore are not equipped with the specific resources and knowledge to effectively address the needs to trafficking victims.

The Angel Coalition programmes and projects appear to be the main source for training on human trafficking in the Russian Federation, prevention, protection, and identification of trafficked persons.

The Angel Coalition operates international hotlines to provide immediate assistance to Russian-speaking trafficking victims. Skilled experts provide free 24-hour legal and psychological consultations for victims and their families, offer recommendations, and provide other necessary help including contacts with police trafficking task forces who can provide immediate rescue assistance in countries around the world. The hotline is toll-free and operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

While specialised services to support victims/survivors of human trafficking exist, the service quality, resource provision, geographic availability, adequate service availability based on national demand, and the functionality of national mechanism are not fully effective. 

Total number of refugees, stateless persons, IDPs, and asylum-seekers: 189,957.

Migrants who receive legal status in the Russian Federation are entitled to receive the same social and medical benefits as Russian nationals. They are resettled within the country according to regional quotas defined by the federal government, are limited in selecting places of residence, and have their travels inside the Russian Federation monitored by the authorities.

Persons recognised as refugees, including accompanying family members, are entitled to the following rights (via Federal Law No. 45-281 of Feb. 19, 1993 on Refugees):
- Information about their rights and responsibilities through translation services if required, including assistance with document processing;
- A travel allowance and baggage shipment to their assigned place of residence;
- Protection by the Ministry of Internal Affairs at the place of temporary accommodation to ensure their safety;
- Food and public utilities in the centres of temporary accommodation;
- Access to housing paid from a special fund for temporary accommodation;
- Medical assistance in an amount equal to that received by Russian citizens;
- Vocational training and job placement assistance;
- Employment or the opportunity to establish their own business;
- Social protection and social security;
- Participation in public activities.

Specific gender-related data on refugees, IDPs, and asylum seekers unavailable.