Scorecard of China 2011-01-01 00:00:00
All indicators
14.9%Security Council Actions
14.3%Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in All Security Council Open Debates
0.0%Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Threats Caused by Terrorist Acts
**Note: Data is provided from 2012. There were no Security Council open debates on threats caused by terrorist acts in 2011.
0.0%Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Maintenance of International Peace and Security
50.0%Inclusion of WPS-sensitive Language in the Security Council Open Debates on the Protection of Civilians
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 0/2;
Conflict Prevention: 0/2;
Disarmament: 0/2;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/2;
Participation: 0/2;
Peace Processes: 0/2;
Peacekeeping: 0/2;
Protection:1/2;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/2;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 0/2;
Implementation: 0/2;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 1/2;
Human Rights: 1/2.
S/PV.6650: "Innocent civilians in armed conflicts, especially women and children, must be protected effectively. Governments bear the primary responsibility in that regard."
25.0%The Use of Veto
The People's Republic of China used its veto right 1 time out of 2 vetoed draft resolutions in 2011 (Draft resolution with gender-sensitive language).
Draft resolution on Syria (S/2011/612): "Strongly condemns the continued grave and systematic human rights violations and the use of force against civilians by the Syrian authorities, and expresses profound regret at the deaths of thousands of people including women and children."
75% - A state uses its veto right in less than (or equals to) 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (no gender-sensitive language);
50% - A state uses its veto right in more than 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (no gender-sensitive language);
25% - A state uses its veto right in less than (or equals to) 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (with gender-sensitive language);
0% - A state uses its veto right in more than 50% of vetoed draft resolutions (with gender-sensitive language).
0.0%Commitments Intended to Strengthen the Implementation of the WPS Agenda
In its statement at the October 2010 Open Debate on Women, Peace and Security, the People's Republic of China did not announce any specific WPS commitments.
(S/PV.6411 (2010)): "China supports the Secretary-General appointing more women as special representatives to provide good offices and political mediation; condemns the use of sexual violence as a means of war; supports the relevant United Nations agencies in their active efforts to provide the needed support to the victims of sexual violence."
**Note: Data is provided for 2010. No WPS commitments have been made in 2011.
35.0%Women, Peace and Security Financing
35.0%Balance Between UN Women Total Contribution and Arms Sales Revenue
Arms Transfer Revenue: $1,338,000,000
_____________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution: $60,000
The People's Republic of China receives 35% due to the high difference between the Arms Transfer Revenue and UN Women Total Contribution.
Arms Transfer Revenue in 2010: $1,496,000,000
_____________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution in 2010: $40,000
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (90-100%);
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (79-89%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (68-78%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (57-67%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue decreases (46-56%);
UN Women Contribution increases; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (35-45%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue does not change (24-34%);
UN Women Contribution does not change; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (13-23%);
UN Women Contribution decreases; Arms Transfer Revenue increases (0-12%).
65.3%International Gender and Human Rights Indicators
81.7%Ranking via Gender Inequality Index (GII)
HDI (Human Development Index):
The People's Republic of China was ranked 101st.
The People's Republic of China is included in the "Medium Human Development" category.
55.2%Ranking via Global Gender Gap Index
59.1%Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties
11 - 99-100%;
10 - 90%;
9 - 81%;
8 - 72%;
7 - 63%;
6 - 54%;
5 - 45%;
4 - 36%;
3 - 27%;
2 - 18%;
1 - 9%;
0 - 0%
52.3%Peacekeeping Operations
4.6%Contribution of Troops, Police and Military Experts
Women from the People's Republic of China are on duty in the following peacekeeping missions:
MINURSO (0);
MINUSTAH (0);
MONUSCO (14);
UNAMID (0);
UNIFIL (13);
UNMIL (11);
UNMIT (0);
UNMIS (9);
UNOCI (0);
UNTSO (0).
Data is provided by the United Nations (Department of Peacekeeping Operations).
100.0%Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) Allegedly Committed by Peacekeepers
Note*: Information on SEA is gathered based on publicly available information. Official statistics are available starting from 2015.
Peacekeepers from the People's Republic of China were involved in 0 out of 75 allegations against civilian, military, police, and other peacekeeping personnel in 2011.
The representatives of the People's Republic of China made no statements at the meetings of the Security Council (or at any other official international meetings) on its position on the sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers.
states that have not been involved in the SEA allegations receives 100%.
17.5%Prevention
50.0%Partnership Between Womens Civil Society Organisations and the Government
Governmental support for women's civil society:
- Engagement in joint government/NGO efforts: Yes
- Funding provided by the government: Yes
The People's Republic of China receives 50% because:
Even though the government is engaged in collabouration with women's civil society, the following gaps have been noted:
a) Inadequate financial support to women's organisations is provided;
b) There is no special WPS-focus in the work of women's civil society;
c) The number of existing projects on the Women, Peace and Security agenda is very low;
d) There are strict regulations for national and international funding for non-governmental organizations;
e) Many activists are questionably detained.
Total Number of NGOs: 430,000.
Key women's organisation's (All-China Women's Federation) efforts in regard to gender issues include the following:
- Number of conferences: 10+;
- Number of publications: 10 (project reports).
Types of social support provided:
Education: Yes
Anti-violence: Yes
Women's empowerment: Yes
Gender-related training: Yes
Political participation: Yes
Anti-human trafficking: Yes
Women's health: Yes
Lobbying and policymaking: No
Fundraising: No
Chinese organisations seeking external resources (such as foundation grants, direct gifts, and other resources) must obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agency (such as a bureau of civil affairs at the provincial level). Some civil society organisations choose to register as businesses and they, along with unregistered groups, struggle to survive without the advantages afforded to registered civil society organisations. Unregistered groups and those registered as businesses do not enjoy certain tax benefits, are ineligible for government projects, and cannot solicit public donations.
The People's Republic of China hosted the following high-level events in 2010:
- Third World organisation for Women in Science;
- International Conference “Women’s Health, Well-being between Culture and the Law;”
- Symposium of Empirical Study on Trade and Gender;
- Seminar on Women's Development and Harmonious Marriage;
- Lecture promoting gender awareness among Municipal Government Leaders of Guangdong Province;
- ILO and ACFTU workshop to Strengthen Workers' Education, Promote Gender Equality and Decent Work;
- ACWF and the Chinese Association on Smoking Control training course on engaging women in building a smoke-free community;
- Seminar on Gender and Psychology;
- Forum on Healthy Development of Women's Philanthropy.
**Note: The information about the high-level events has been collected using available media sources.
When there is either only financial support from the government or only active collabouration between the government and civil society, a state receives from 60% to 79% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.);
When there is neither financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and where there are no restrictions applied on womens organisation, a state receives from 40% to 59% depending on circumstances (i.e.: kinds of services provided by civil society, etc.);
When there is neither both financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and when government provides services for women, a state receives from 20% to 39% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.);
When there is neither financial support from the government nor active collabouration between the government and civil society and when there are several restrictions on civil society, a state receives from 0% to 19% depending on circumstances (i.e.: positive/negative assessment; decrease/increase in the number of projects, etc.).
"2010 Annual Report," CECC
Keith B. Richburg, "China’s Crackdown on Non-Profit Groups Prompts New Fears Among Activists," Washington Post (Online)
"Women Scientists Changing the World - TWOWS 4th General Assembly and International Conference," Third World Organization for Women in Science
"The International Conference “Women’s Health, Well-being between Culture and the Law”,"Asian Association of Women's Studies
"Symposium of Empirical Study on Trade and Gender held in Beijing", AAll-China Women's Federation
"Seminar on Women's Development and Harmonious Marriage in Shanghai,"All-China Women's Federation
"Guangdong Promotes Officials' Gender Awareness," All-China Women's Federation
"ILO and ACFTU Join Hands to Strengthen Workers' Education, Promote Gender Equality and Decent Work," All-China Women's Association
"ACWF Calls on Women to Promote a Smoke-free Community," All-China Women's Federation
"Seminar on Gender and Psychology in Beijing,"All-China Women's Federation
"Forum on Healthy Development of Women's Philanthropy," All-China Women's Federation
“State of Civil Society Report: 2011,”CIVICUS
20.0%Special Gender-Specific Training of Security and Law Enforcement Personnel
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%
0.0%National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 bases on WPS Themes
There was no National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in the People's Republic of China.
National programme for Women's Development (2011-2020) was formulated on the basis of the basic principles prescribed in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the stipulations of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women and other related laws, the purposes of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women and other international conventions and documents, the general objectives and requirements of economic and social development, and the actual situation concerning women's development and gender equality in China.
0.0%Balance between the 1325 National Action Plan (NAP) Budget and Military Expenditure.
Military Expenditure: $137,967,000,000
_____
There was no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.
Military Expenditure in 2010: $115,701,000,000
_____
There was no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.
The National Programme for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020):
- Optimises distribution of resources and expand maternal and child health care funding in rural and remote areas;
- Provides financial support to ensure that impoverished girls and girls with disabilities receive universal preschool education;
- Provides financial support to impoverished girls and girls with disabilities in high school education, and ensure that girls do not drop out of school because of poverty and/or physical disabilities; progressively provides free secondary vocational education and ensure that girls who fail to go on to senior high school receive the necessary vocational education before seeking employment;
- Provides financial support to impoverished and/or disabled women college students in various forms and through multiple channels;
- Encourages financial institutions, enterprises and other organisations to offer, in cooperation with women's organisations, rural women-oriented financial services and relevant training.
NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure decreases (90-100%)
NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure does not change (79-89%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure decreases (68-78%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure does not change (57-67%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure decreases (46-56%)
NAP Budget increases; Military Expenditure increases (35-45%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure does not change (24-34%)
NAP Budget does not change; Military Expenditure increases (13-23%)
NAP Budget decreases; Military Expenditure increases (1-12%)
No NAP/No NAP Budget (0%)
48.6%Participation
42.6%Percentage of Women's Participation in Parliament
Women made up 21.3% of the Parliament in the People's Republic of China.
In August 2011, the State Council issued the PRC Outline for the Development of Women (2011–2020), which, among other goals, called for "local governments at the county level and above to have at least one female leader" by the end of 2020.
24.0%Percentage of Women's Participation in Ministerial Positions
12% of ministerial positions were held by women in the People's Republic of China in 2011.
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.13.
27.4%Percentage of Women's Participation in Law Enforcement
13.7% of law enforcement positions were held by women in the People's Republic of China.
While police academies continued to increase their recruitment of women police officers, the majority of female officers were engaged in office and managerial work, rather than patrol and criminal investigation.
53.0%Percentage of Women's Participation in the Judiciary
26.51% of judges in the People's Republic of China were women in 2011.
74.0%Percentage of Women's Participation in the Labour Force
Women's labour participation rate was 74%.
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.88.
Estimated earned income (PPP US$):
Female: 4,323;
Male: 6,375;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.65.
Legislators, senior officials, and managers (%):
Female: 17, Male: 83;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.20.
Professional and technical workers (%):
Female: 52, Male: 48;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.08.
70.4%Access to Education
Enrolment in primary education: 97%;
Enrolment in secondary education: 89.15%;
Enrolment in tertiary education: 25%.
The enrolment difference between males and females is provided below (The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends are considered a reflection of improving coverage at the specified level of education):
Literacy rate (%):
Female: 91;
Male: 97.
Enrolment in primary education (%):
Female: 97;
Male: 97.
Enrolment in secondary education (%):
Female: 89.15;
Male: 89.01.
Enrolment in tertiary education (%):
Female: 25;
Male: 24.
57.0%Protection
66.7%Presence of Gendered Perspective in Legal Framework
Legislations protecting against human trafficking:
The National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking of Women and Children (2008-2012); The National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (2013-2020).
Legislations that protect female employees:
Special Rules on the labour Protection of Female Employees in April 2012, being the first state-level labour regulation that prohibits sexual harassment and elucidates the liability of the employer;
Clauses, with the objective of preventing and prohibiting violence against women, were included in the National programme for Women's Development (2011-2020) formulated by the Chinese government to promote women's development;
Legislations protecting against human trafficking:
The National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking of Women and Children (2008-2012).
7 - 87.5%
6 - 75%
5 - 62.5%
4 - 50%
3 - 37.5%
2 - 25%
1 - 12.5%
0 - 0%
Necessary legal framework is determined in accordance with the principles of the core human rights treaties (i.e.: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)).
"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women
"Does the constitution take at least one approach to gender equality?," World Policy Center
"Post 1995 Major Events on Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in China," Columbia University
"Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database," UN Women
"Constitutional Provisions on Women's Equality," Library of Congress
71.4%Access to Justice
There is no specific anti-discrimination law in the People’s Republic of China. However, certain general anti-discrimination provisions are included in various laws and regulations.
A Women’s Judges Association under the Supreme People’s Court exists, yet lacks a website and published information.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%"
"Progress made by the Chinese Government in Implementation of the “Beijing Declaration” and Program of Action” as well as the “Outcome Document” of the United Nations General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Special Session," United Nations
"Protection of Women's Rights and Interests Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese and English Text)," Congressional-Executive Commission on China
"Organic Law of People's Courts of the people's Republic of China," china.org.cn
50.0%Protections Against Human Trafficking
The government of the People’s Republic of China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. The government did not demonstrate evidence of significant efforts to address all forms of trafficking or effectively protect victims; therefore, the People's Republic of China is placed on Tier 2 Watch List for a seventh consecutive year.
Full compliance: 100%
Partial Compliance: 50%
Non-Compliance: 0%
40.0%Protections Against Sexual Violence.
Total Reported Sexual Violence at National Level:
1,806.000.
Total Reported Rape at National Level:
91,000.
Activists and SGBV survivors advocated for legislation on sexual/domestic violence.
Existence of a law against sexual violence:
No law in existence.
Governmental efforts to eliminate sexual violence nationally:
The government efforts to eliminate sexual violence were primarily accomplished through support and funding to The National Programme for Chinese Women's Development（2011-202), the China National Programme for Child Development (2011-2020, the All-China Women's Foundation, and through coordinaton with UN Women's efforts.
National crises hotlines exist with additional hotlines operating in most regions (although the hours of operation are often unreliable).
More than 2,000 shelters exist; however, exact number and overall functionality status is unknown.
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%
42.1%Recovery Support
80.0%Implementation of Dedicated Programmes Serving the Needs of Veterans
Veterans affairs offices exist; however, it is unknown whether they provide specific services and resources for women.
Officially, all veterans receive the same benefits from the state, including women. However, very little additional information exists.
5 - 100%
4 - 80%
3 - 60%
2 - 40%
1 - 20%
0 - 0%
"Resettlement of demobilized soldiers Ordinance," The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China
"Opinions on the implementation of retired soldiers Grants policy," The Centeral People's Government of the People's Republic of China
"Retired soldiers resettlement policy," Shanghai Municipal People's Government
16.7%Implementation of Dedicated Programmes to Support Survivors of Sexual Violence
There are inadequate domestic violence shelters to meet the needs of women, yet some shelters remain unused due to social stigma;
No evidence of rape crisis centres found;
No evidence of national sex offender website found.
6 - 100%
5 - 83%
4 - 66%
3 - 49%
2 - 32%
1 - 15%
0 - 0%.
"The Shadow Report of Chinese Women’s NGOs on the Combined Seventh and Eighth Periodic Report Submitted by China under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women," Anti-Domestic Violence Network
Yunting, Liu. "Shenzhen to Launch Project to Help Sexual Abuse Survivors," Women of China
"Progress made by the Chinese Government in Implementation of the 'Beijing Declaration' and Program of Action” as well as the 'Outcome Document' of the United Nations General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Special Session ," United Nations
Zhao, Frank. "Building a Nonviolent World for Women," Women of China
28.6%Implementation of Dedicated Programmes to Support Survivors of Human Trafficking
Combating violence against women and children in all its forms remains one of the major objectives of the National Programme for Chinese Women's Development（2011-2020 and the China National programme for Child Development（2011-2020);
The National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (2008–2012) outlines strategies and procedures for combating human trafficking and providing services and protections to victims. However, the extent to which these programmes are effective and sustainable is unclear;
The All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) is in the process of starting a network of shelters for women. At these shelters, women reportedly may access referrals for legal aid, report human trafficking violations, and seek assistance from social workers;
Official figures show that police across the country rescued 8,660 abducted children and 15,458 women while breaking up 3,195 criminal circles engaged in human trafficking in 2011.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%
"2011 Annual Report," Congressional-Executive Commission on China
"China’s National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (2008-2012)," notrafficking.org
Barbezat, Sean Michael. "Trafficking of Women and the Harmonious Society: The Chinese National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children within the Context of Chinese Patriarchy and Reform," University of Denver
42.9%Implementation Dedicated Programmes to Support Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Total population of refugees, stateless persons, IDPs, and asylum-seekers: 200,986;
Women migrant workers in the People's Republic of China: 34.1%.
7 - 100%
6 - 85%
5 - 70%
4 - 55%
3 - 40%
2 - 25%
1 - 10%
0 - 0%
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 1/14;
Conflict Prevention: 1/14;
Disarmament: 0/14;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/14;
Participation: 1/14;
Peace Processes: 1/14;
Peacekeeping: 0/14;
Protection: 2/14;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 1/14;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 0/14;
Implementation: 1/14;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 1/14;
Human Rights: 1/14.
S/PV.6642: "Ensuring the participation of women in conflict resolution and prevention and in rehabilitation and reconstruction is an important part of the efforts to implement resolution 1325 (2000). China supports a bigger role for women in good offices and dispute mediation. We hope the Secretary-General will appoint more female special representatives and special envoys, and we hope to see greater participation by women in United Nations good offices and mediation concerning major international and regional hotspots."