WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 2/6;
Conflict Prevention: 1/6;
Disarmament: 0/6;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/6;
Participation: 1/6;
Peace Processes: 0/6;
Peacekeeping: 0/6;
Protection: 0/6;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/6;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 0/6;
Implementation: 0/6;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 0/6;
Human Rights: 1/6.
S/PV.7361: "Meanwhile, attention should also be given to youth employment and women’s empowerment so that the public can enjoy early peace dividends. That would be conducive to the stabilisation of post-conflict situations, the promotion of political reconciliation and the consolidation of existing peace."
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 1/2;
Conflict Prevention: 0/2;
Disarmament: 0/2;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 0/2;
Participation: 1/2;
Peace Processes: 1/2;
Peacekeeping: 0/2;
Protection: 1/2;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/2;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 1/2;
Implementation: 0/2;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 0/2;
Human Rights: 1/2.
S/PV.7374: "Many women and girls suffer the most and have become the most vulnerable groups to attacks and harm. The international community should attach great importance to strengthening the protection of their rights and interests and work together to strengthen synergy and coordination in this area."
The People's Republic of China used its veto right 0 times out of 2 vetoed draft resolutions in 2015.
Participation:
Will take a series of measures to help developing countries address the challenges facing women and girls in the areas of health and education and will strengthen the training of local women. It will jointly set up with the United Nations, under the relevant fund, a project to support capacity building for women in developing countries.
Financial commitments:
To donate $10 million to UN-Women to support the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and programme of Action, as well as the relevant Goal of the post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda.
Arms Transfer Revenue: $1,966,000,000
_______________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution: $440,000
The People's Republic of China receives 0% due to the high difference between the Arms Transfer Revenue and UN Women Total Contribution.
Arms Transfer Revenue in 2014: $1,360,000,000
_______________________________________
UN Women Government Total Contribution in 2014: $890,000
The People's Republic of China was ranked 37th.
________________________________________
HDI (Human Development Index):
People's Republic of China was ranked 90.
People's Republic of China is included in the "Medium Human Development" category.
Women from the People's Republic of China are on duty in the following peacekeeping missions:
MINURSO (0);
MINUSMA (13);
MONUSCO (12);
UNAMID (0);
UNFICYP (0);
UNIFIL (10);
UNMIL (16);
UNMISS (10);
UNOCI (0);
UNTSO (0).
Peacekeepers from the People's Republic of China were involved in 0 out of 106 allegations against civilian, military, police, and other peacekeeping personnel in 2015.
The representatives of the People's Republic of China made no statements at the meetings of the Security Council (or at any other official international meetings) on its position on the sexual exploitation and abuse committed by peacekeepers.
Governmental support for women's civil society:
- Engagement in joint government/NGO efforts: Yes
- Funding provided by the government: Yes
The People's Republic of China receives 63% because:
Even though the government is engaged in collabouration with women's civil society, we have noted the following:
a) Inadequate financial support to women's organisations is provided,
b) There is no special WPS-focus in the work of women's civil society;
c) The number of existing projects on the Women, Peace and Security agenda is very low;
d) There are strictly regulations on national and international funding of non-governmental organizations;
e) Many activists have been questionably detained.
Key women's organisation's (All-China Women's Federation) efforts in regard to gender issues include the following:
- Number of conferences: 15+;
- Number of publications: 25 (project reports).
Types of social support provided:
Education: Yes
Anti-violence: Yes
Women's empowerment: Yes
Gender-related training: Yes
Political participation: Yes
Anti-human trafficking: Yes
Women's health: Yes
Lobbying and policymaking: No
Fundraising: No
Total Number of NGOs: 500,000 (An estimated 1.5 million more NGOs operate without proper registration because the criteria for doing so remain stringent despite gradual relaxation in recent years).
Chinese organisations seeking external resources (such as foundation grants, direct gifts, and other resources) must obtain approval from the appropriate regulatory agency (such as a bureau of civil affairs at the provincial level). Some civil society organisations choose to register as businesses and they, along with unregistered groups, struggle to survive without the advantages afforded to registered civil society organisations. Unregistered groups and those registered as businesses do not enjoy certain tax benefits, are ineligible for government projects, and cannot solicit public donations.
The People's Republic of China hosted the following high-level events in 2015:
- 2015 International Symposium—Female Survival & Development and the 20th Anniversary of Beijing World Conference on Women;
- 9th Annual World Academy of Women Symposium;
- International Forum On Women, Development, Future;
- UN Women conference on gender equality.
**Note: The information about the high-level events has been collected using available media sources.
"World Report 2015: China Events of 2014," Human Rights Watch
"Civic Freedom Monitor: China," ICNL
"The 2015 International Symposium—Female Survival & Development and the 20th Anniversary of Beijing World Conference on Women," Science Innovation Academic Frontier
"UN Women conference on gender equality in Hangzhou China," English News
“State of Civil Society Report: 2015,”CIVICUS
There is no National Action Plan on the Implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in the People’s Republic of China.
Locally, pressure on independent and grassroots NGOs intensified in 2015 amid an increase in raids, staff detentions, forced closures, and asset freezes for advocacy groups working on public health, education, and women’s rights issues. Women remain severely underrepresented in important CCP and government positions. In March 2015, five women’s rights activists were detained because they had planned to distribute stickers on public transportation to raise awareness of sexual harassment.
Military Expenditure: $214,787,000,000
_____
There was no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.
Military Expenditure: in 2014: $199,651,000,000
_____
There was no National Action Plan on the Implementation of Resolution 1325.
National programme for Women's Development (2011-2020):
- Optimises distribution of resources and expand maternal and child health care funding in rural and remote areas;
- Provides financial support to ensure that impoverished girls and girls with disabilities receive universal preschool education;
- Provides financial support to impoverished girls and girls with disabilities in high school education, and ensure that girls do not drop out of school because of poverty and/or physical disabilities; progressively provides free secondary vocational education and ensure that girls who fail to go on to senior high school receive the necessary vocational education before seeking employment;
- Provides financial support to impoverished and/or disabled women college students in various forms and through multiple channels;
- Encourages financial institutions, enterprises and other organisations to offer, in cooperation with women's organisations, rural women-oriented financial services and relevant training.
Women made up 23.6% of the Parliament.
12% of ministerial positions were held by women in the People's Republic of China in 2015.
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.08.
14.9% of law enforcement positions were held by women in the People's Republic of China.
Through the China Gender Facility for Advocacy and Research (CGF), UN Women is currently working with Women’s Federation of Hunan Province, Hunan Public Security Bureau, and Hunan Police Officers Academy, to issue the first ever handbook for police officers on how to deal with domestic violence cases.
16.6% of judges in the People's Republic of China were women.
“Chinese Women Judges,” Supreme People’s Court Monitor
“The Feminization of Judges in China,” University of Pennsylvania
“Grand Justices,” Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China
“'Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020),' the implementation of statistical reporting,” National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China
Women's labour participation rate was 70%.
Unemployment rate (percentage of female/male labour force):
Female: 3.2;
Male: 2.6.
Estimated earned income (PPP US$):
Female: 10,037;
Male: 16,170;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.62.
Legislators, senior officials, and managers (%):
Female: 17, Male: 83;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 0.20.
Professional and technical workers (%):
Female: 52, Male: 48;
Ratio (0 = Inequality, 1 = Equality): 1.07.
Enrolment in primary education: 87%;
Enrolment in secondary education: 97.14%;
Enrolment in tertiary education: 32%.
The enrolment difference between males and females is provided below (The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends are considered a reflection of improving coverage at the specified level of education):
Literacy rate (%):
Female: 94;
Male: 98.
Enrolment in primary education (%):
Female: 87;
Male: 87.
Enrolment in secondary education (%):
Female: 97.14;
Male: 95.45.
Enrolment in tertiary education (%):
Female: 32;
Male: 28.
Domestic Violence:
Clauses aimed at preventing and deterring domestic violence against women, and at combating the trafficking in women, were included in the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015);
Clauses, with the objective of preventing and prohibiting violence against women, were included in the National programme for Women's Development (2011-2020) formulated by the Chinese government to promote women's development;
Legislations protecting against human trafficking:
The National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (2013-2020).
Constitutional Articles that Incorporate Gender (8 articles out of 56 articles);
Gender-sensitivity in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China:
"All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law."
"All citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law."
"Women in the People’s Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life."
"The State protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike and trains and selects cadres from among women."
"Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited."
"China passes first domestic violence law," Guardian
Tingting, Chen. "China’s First Law Against Domestic Violence: It’s No Longer a Private Matter," The Asia Foundation
"Gender Equality and Women’s Development in China," The State Council
"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women," china.org.ch
Wu, Amanda. "Chronicle of China's Anti-Domestic Violence Legislation (1995-2015)," Women of China
"Does the constitution take at least one approach to gender equality?," World Policy Center
"Post 1995 Major Events on Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in China," Columbia University
"Global Gender Equality Constitutional Database," UN Women
"Consitution of the People's Republic of China," The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
"Constitutional Provisions on Women's Equality," Library of Congress
"China Allows All Couples to Have 2nd Child," Women of China
There is no specific anti-discrimination law in the People’s Republic of China. However, certain general anti-discrimination provisions are included in various laws and regulations.
A Women’s Judges Association under the Supreme People’s Court exists, yet lacks a website and published information.
"Progress made by the Chinese Government in Implementation of the “Beijing Declaration” and Program of Action” as well as the “Outcome Document” of the United Nations General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Special Session," United Nations
"2010 Annual Report," Congressional-Executive Commission on China
"Protection of Women's Rights and Interests Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese and English Text)," Congressional-Executive Commission on China
"Organic Law of People's Courts of the people's Republic of China," china.org.cn
The government of the People’s Republic of China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. During the year, the government reported convicting at least 35 traffickers, through its publicly available data, and reported cooperating with neighboring countries to repatriate foreign trafficking victims. Despite these efforts, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts to address anti-trafficking compared to the previous year;therefore, the People's Republic of China is placed on Tier 2 Watch List.
Existence of a law against sexual violence:
Domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China.
Governmental efforts to eliminate sexual violence nationally:
The government efforts to eliminate sexual violence were primarily accomplished through support and funding to the National Programme for Chinese Women's Development(2011-202), the China National Programme for Child Development (2011-2020, the All-China Women's Foundation, and through coordinaton with UN Women's efforts.
Existence of a national crisis hotline:
The Ministry of Public Security has set up "110" anti-domestic violence call centres in most provinces. A warning system was created in Jiangsu, Ningxia and some other places to deal with misdemeanor cases of domestic violence.
Number of women's shelters:
3011 shelters established to give aid and shelter to more than 23,000 women and children. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has set up domestic violence shelters in around 100 cities in nearly 20 provincial-level jurisdictions.
Number of women's rape crisis centres:
Women's centres in most regions provide limited rape crisis services, but exact number unavailable.
"Chinese Students learn to use social media to prevent Gender-Based Violence," UN Women
Zhao, Frank. "Building a Nonviolent World for Women," Women of China
"UNODC Assaults, Kidnapping, Robbery, Sexual Offences, Sexual Rape, Total Sexual Violence, 2014," Knoema
"Eliminating Violence Against Women," UN Women
"Domestic Violence Law 2015," China Law Translate
Veterans affairs offices exist; however, it is unknown whether they provide specific services and resources for women.
Officially, all veterans receive the same benefits from the state, including women. However, very little additional information exists.
"Resettlement of demobilised soldiers Ordinance," The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China
"Opinions on the implementation of retired soldiers Grants policy." The Centeral People's Government of the People's Republic of China
"China is diversifying resettlement veterans," Caixin
"Retired soldiers resettlement policy," Shanghai Municipal People's Government
There are inadequate domestic violence shelters to meet the needs of women, yet some shelters remain unused due to social stigma.
The absence of a system to ensure funding for battered women's legal aid is also an outstanding concern.
According to the All-China Women’s Federation, about a quarter of all married women in the People's Republic of China have suffered violence in their marriages, though only 40,000 to 50,000 complaints are registered by women’s federations each year. Almost 90 percent of reported cases involve abuse of women by their husbands, though men are not immune to domestic abuse.
"The Shadow Report of Chinese Women’s NGOs on the Combined Seventh and Eighth Periodic Report Submitted by China under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women," Anti-Domestic Violence Network
"Progress made by the Chinese Government in Implementation of the 'Beijing Declaration' and Program of Action” as well as the 'Outcome Document' of the United Nations General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Special Session ," United Nations
Zhao, Frank. "Building a Nonviolent World for Women," Women of China
"'Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020),' the implementation of statistical reporting," National Bureau of Statistics
Combating violence against women and children in all its forms remains one of the major objectives of The National Programme for Chinese Women's Development (2011-2020) and the China National programme for Child Development (2011-2020);
The China Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in Persons (2013–2020) outlines strategies and procedures for combating human trafficking and providing services and protections to victims. However, the extent to which these programmes are effective and sustainable is unclear.
"2015 Annual Report," Congressional-Executive Commission on China
"China’s National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (2008-2012)," notrafficking.org
Barbezat, Sean Michael. "Trafficking of Women and the Harmonious Society: The Chinese National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children within the Context of Chinese Patriarchy and Reform," University of Denver
Total population of refugees, stateless persons, IDPs, and asylum-seekers: 301,731.
Pan, Liang. "Why China Isn’t Hosting Syrian Refugees," Foreign Policy
"China," UNHCR
"Important documents," UNHCR
"The People's Republic of China: Factsheet," UNHCR
"Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015," UNHCR
"Most North Korean Refugees are Women. Here is Why," Liberty in North Korea
"Distribution of migrant workers in China from 2011 to 2015, by gender," Statista Portal
WILPF/PeaceWomen themes covered:
General Women, Peace and Security: 5/17;
Conflict Prevention: 2/17;
Disarmament: 1/17;
Displacement and Humanitarian Response: 2/17;
Participation: 4/17;
Peace Processes: 4/17;
Peacekeeping: 0/17;
Protection: 5/17;
Reconstruction and Peacebuilding: 0/17;
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: 3/17;
Implementation: 1/17;
Justice, Rule of Law, SSR: 3/17;
Human Rights: 4/17.
S/PV.7533: "While China commits to support gender-related programmes in Africa and the Middle East, While donates $10 million to UN-Women to support the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Programme of Action, and contributes to the development of women worldwide, China also provides an example of the local governance focused on women’s empowerment."